european-spallation-source-ess

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a new research infrastructure based on the world’s most powerful neutron source, which will enable scientists to gain vital insights into the atomic structure of materials. WSP was involved in the engineering design of the buildings and support systems for the research centre, which includes industrial and laboratory buildings and office space to accommodate up to 3,000 visiting researchers each year.

ESS is a greenfield project and the design had to be adapted to the unique needs of a large-scale next-generation research facility, while maintaining an emphasis on inspiring aesthetics and environmental sustainability. So when WSP’s Magnus Lindström and his team first began planning the construction, in collaboration with ESS and other partners, they started from scratch. “Sometimes it’s nice to begin with a blank sheet of paper,” Lindström says. “You can really contribute a lot.”

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Lund, Southern Sweden

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Aerial photos: Perry Nordeng/ESS

At ESS’ heart is the neutron source itself. An ion source first generates protons – particles with a positive electric charge – that are accelerated to almost the speed of light as they are directed through a 537m-long underground accelerator tunnel. At the end of the accelerator is the target; a rotating tungsten wheel, 2.5m in diameter and weighing 4.9 tonnes. This is the neutron source itself: as the protons hit the wheel, the collision causes neutrons to scatter from the nuclei of the tungsten atoms in a process called “spallation”. The neutrons for research are directed by neutron guides to 15 tailor-made scientific instruments, where the material samples to be analysed are placed. As the neutrons scatter on contact with the sample, their motion is measured, yielding precise information about the material’s structure and dynamics. These new insights into matter at the atomic and molecular level will set the scene for advancements in many different scientific research fields, from materials and energy, to health and the environment.

At the beginning of the project, ESS adopted an ambitious sustainability vision, with the aim of becoming one of the first energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable large-scale research facilities in the world. So in addition to meeting the technical requirements, Lindström’s team also had to align the design to meet these high sustainability goals.

To minimize energy waste, the research infrastructure is connected to the district heating system for the city of Lund, where ESS is located. “When in operation, most of the excess heat from the research facility will be recovered and distributed through the district heating grid to heat other buildings, such as houses,” Lindström explains.

The architectural design of the exterior, blending in with the surrounding countryside, is another unique feature, he adds. “The long accelerator tunnel is covered with grass, so it floats into the landscape.”

ESS Instrument Layout - Credit ESS

There are three experimental halls, and the ESS site includes space for expansion so additional buildings may be constructed later on. “Everything is prepared so that it can be built on further in the future,” Lindström says. “This is just a start.”